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Publication
Impact of embryo culture and day of embryo transfer on the cardiometabolic
health of adult mice†.
Authors Simbulan RK, Lee SH, Oqani RK, Liu X, Lantier L, McGuinness OP, Brooks GA,
Rinaudo PF
Submitted By Submitted Externally on 12/12/2025
Status Published
Journal Biology of reproduction
Year 2025
Date Published 9/15/2025
Volume : Pages 113 : 657 - 671
PubMed Reference 40448584
Abstract Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have rapidly evolved since being
introduced in 1978. However, many of the procedures used clinically lack a basis
of long-term studies to ensure their safety. Though in vitro fertilization (IVF)
is largely safe, follow-up studies have shown that IVF-conceived children may
show signs of altered fat deposition, increased fasting glucose, and increased
blood pressure. These results are, however, limited by a low number of patients
and different ART variables (different lengths of embryo culture or different
types of culture media). Results of studies using animal models have confirmed
many of these results and shown that more stressful culture conditions result in
disrupted adult phenotypes. Presently, it is unclear if culture conditions such
as duration and day of transfer might affect adult health. To investigate the
hypothesis that the length of embryo culture could affect adult phenotype, we
generated mice by IVF and transferred them at the cleavage stage (IVF8C group)
or at the blastocyst stage (IVFBL group) and studied adult phenotype. Results
were compared to those obtained with naturally conceived animals flushed out of
the uterus and transferred to the recipient (FB group). We found sexual
dimorphic effects with male mice showing a more severe phenotype. Male offspring
resulting from cleavage stage transfer showed altered glucose handling, left
cardiac dysfunction, and shorter lifespan, while male offspring post blastocyst
transfer showed reduced locomotor activity. Female mice showed a milder
phenotype, particular for female offspring generated by transfer at the cleavage
stage.




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